Nazisploitation! examines past intersections of National Socialism and popular cinema and the recent reemergence of this imagery in contemporary visual culture. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, films such as Love Camp 7 and Ilsa, She-Wolf of the SS introduced and reinforced the image of Nazis as master paradigms of evil in what film theorists deem the 'sleaze' film. More recently, Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, as well as video games such as Call of Duty: World at War, have reinvented this iconography for new audiences. In these works, the violent Nazi becomes the hyperbolic caricature of the "monstrous feminine" or the masculine sadist. Power-hungry scientists seek to clone the Führer, and Nazi zombies rise from the grave. The history, aesthetic strategies, and political implications of such translations of National Socialism into the realm of commercial, low brow, and 'sleaze' visual culture are the focus of this book. The contributors examine when and why the Nazisploitation genre emerged as it did, how it establishes and violates taboos, and why this iconography resonates with contemporary audiences.

The evidence has become notorious. As our chronological distance from Nazism and its phenomenal core the mass extermination has increased, the latter's historical weight has grown as well. No introduction can do justice to this paradox's many sources, some of which I explore in the chapters that follow. Let us here simply note that the growing centrality of the Holocaust has altered the entire warp and woof of our sense of the passing century. If, well into the 1970s, wide-ranging portraits of the epoch would grant the Holocaust a modest (if any) mention, it now tends to fill the entire picture. The incriminated event has thus become the epoch's marker, its final and inescapable wellspring.

Genocide has been with us since the beginning of history and is a key feature to the study of world history at nearly every level. The most widely-studied and catastrophic examples are, however, historically close to the present day: the Nazi Holocaust, "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia, tribal warfare in Rwanda and more. The Encyclopedia spans the globe to explain the issues behind crimes against humanity and human rights issues as they relate to individual countries and the world at large. It traces the history of events that qualify as genocide and crimes against humanity, profiles perpetrators and heroes, and explains international laws and law proceedings aimed at ending genocide and crimes against humanity. It also delves into depictions and manifestations of the phenomenon, such as propaganda, sociological and philosophical explanations, literature and film.

Vol. 2. - 458 p.

NATIONAL SOCIALISM as an intellectual movement emanated in the years 1926–28 from the brains of a few—chiefly north—German thinkers. As a political force it sprang from the mass-membership of the great Fatherland Party and the Pan-German Association. In a word—it was born of the annexationist militarism of 1917. In 1919 it became an independent political movement. Out of its raw material the Reichswehr in Munich forged a political weapon. This weapon was given shape in 1921 by Captain Ernst Röhm, and by a man of outstanding intellect but unstable character—Adolf Hitler. The movement derived its title from Hitler’s native Austria. It was adopted against the wishes of the present leaders and does not represent their political ideas. Those members of the National Socialist Workers Party who subsequently sought to give a literal interpretation to its title found themselves compelled by force of logic to leave its ranks.

This book is about the construction of the archaic within the modern, and the fabrication of the swastika as a sign of identity in an era when personal and collective identities were being rapidly displaced. The construction of the swastika as the icon of a supposedly immemorial and indivisible race identity began in the mid-nineteenth century and reached its height in the Nazi period in Germany; its echoes are unfortunately still with us, despite the fact that the gulf between the representation of identity and its quotidian social dissolution grows ever wider. High on the list of the duplicities attributable to National Socialism was its use of the swastika as an emblem of the sense of self-definition and community which capitalism was rapidly eroding. In fact Nazism, under the sign of the swastika, subsumed the ‘organic’ and historical model of the nation state within a totalitarian scheme based on the expansionist and market-led notions of territory and social geography which had succeeded the organic model. This book shows that a similar paradox also informed the construction of the swastika as a sign of the ‘Aryan race’ in the nineteenth century. The myth of an Aryan race re-assembled the archaic in the image of the modern, and its mythology of structure was derived from the study of Indo-European comparative linguistics, which also presaged the ahistoric, structural and modernist linguistics of Saussure. ‘Aryan man’ was a creature born of abstraction and deracination; and the swastika, a globally distributed mark with no discernible point of origin, was his heraldic device. In the nineteenth century, the swastika was used as both Aryan sign and Aryan evidence, place and race in one, and was adopted by Nazism in the twentieth century in its violent erasure of the historical links between people, place and praxis. From 1889 to the present, the display of the Aryan swastika as a symbolic locus, identifying mark or point of reference has also signalled dislocation, displacement and at worst, the Nazi terror.

Confronting Hitler examines the lives of ten socialist leaders in their fight against Nazism. It reveals the aspects of these people's lives that most decisively shaped their views and actions during the Weimar Republic's final crisis, and it compares the German socialist experience of 1933 with those of other democratic socialist movements in the twentieth century.

Over the years I have incurred debts to many individuals in the preparation of this work. I have benefited from discussions with several colleagues, who were generous with their time and encouragement. Among these are Jeremy Noakes, Volker Berghahn, Richard Evans and John Hiden. I would like in particular to thank Ian Kershaw who read and made valuable comments on the manuscript. I would also like to thank Andrew Wheatcroft of Routledge for his support. I am indebted to the secretarial staff at Rutherford College, University of Kent for their unstinting assistance in helping me produce the Document Section. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Anne who was excessively patient and understanding during the researching and writing of this book. Without her loving support this book could not have been written. It is to our children, Chris and Lizzie, that I would like to dedicate this work, not least for the manner in which, in their own ways, they have tolerated their father’s preoccupation with history and even developed a resigned sense of humour.

Sixty years after the end of World War II, not all those who were faithful to the Third Reich are dead—some members of the Nazi party and their collaborators are still alive, and increasingly difficult to track down. Time is rapidly running out, but Efraim Zuroff won’t give up. Launching Operation Last Chance in 2002, he spearheaded a vast public campaign to locate and bring to justice the worst suspected Nazi criminals before ill health or death spare them from potential punishment. Despite the passage of many years, the reluctance of many governments to cooperate, and even death threats and a price on his head, Zuroff's project yielded the names of over 520 hereto unknown suspects in 24 different countries and led to dozens of murder investigations, as well as several indictments and extradition requests currently pending.

Т. Адорно (1903-1969) сразу же после окончания второй мировой войны становится руководителем крупного эмпирического исследования по изучению корней авторитаризма, проведенного в Западной Германии и США. Результаты исследования показали опасность дрейфа человеческого миропонимания в сторону укрепления пустого автоматизма сложившихся стереотипов, действований по правилам, узаконенным лишь одной привычкой. Выпущенная на основе исследования коллективная монография была переведена почти на все европейские языки и переиздана миллионными тиражами, став первым социологическим бестселлером в послевоенном мире.

Предлагаемый сборник представляет краткое исследование по истории Власовского движения, а также по восстановлению биографических данных погибших, умерших или пропавших без вести участников событий. При отборе материала за ключевой критерий принята степень подготовленности к печати, которая поможет читателю составить представление о состоянии офицерского корпуса Вооруженных Сил Комитета Освобождения Народов России, его профессиональной подготовке и общей боеспособности армии генерал-лейтенанта А.А.Власова (1944–1945). Сведения о составе семей, данные о близких и родственниках в биографические справки не включались.

В конце Второй мировой Гитлер поставил под ружье фактически все мужское население Германии, от подростков до стариков, — необученные, плохо вооруженные, смертельно испуганные, они были брошены на убой, под гусеницы советских танков. Одним из таких Todeskandidaten (смертников), призванных в Фольксштурм в последние месяцы войны, стал 43-летний фермер из Восточной Пруссии Пауль Борн. Он никогда не был правоверным нацистом, но ему пришлось с оружием в руках защищать гитлеровский режим, пройдя через все круги фронтового ада и мучительную Todeskampf (агонию) Третьего Рейха. 3 января 1945 года его часть попала под сокрушительный удар Красной Армии и была смята, разгромлена и уничтожена за считаные дни. Кровавый кошмар безнадежных боев и беспорядочных отступлений, советский плен и послевоенное «хождение по мукам», ад польских лагерей и побег на Запад — в своей горькой книге Борн откровенно рассказал о падении Третьего Рейха и той чудовищной цене, которую немецкий народ заплатил за причастность к преступлениям нацистского режима.

Вип. 1. - 1998. - 140 с.

Кнут Гамсун — лауреат Нобелевской премии, писатель, которым восхищались все известные умы России. Популярность Гамсуна в нашей стране в XIX — начале XX века была такой огромной, что не успевали его книги выйти в Норвегии, как они тут же переводились на русский язык и продавались с поразительной быстротой. Невероятный «спрос на Гамсуна» продолжался вплоть до 1934 года, а затем наступил период полного забвения. О Гамсуне, особенно после 1940-х годов, было непозволительно говорить. Он перестал существовать не только для читателей, но и для литературных критиков и историков литературы. Творчество норвежского писателя находилось под своеобразным запретом и в России, и в самой Норвегии из-за поддержки Гамсуном нацизма. Автор гуманистических произведений — фашист?.. Автор книги, филолог Наталия Будур, не пытается «объяснить» Гамсуна, а принимает его таким, каков он есть, со всеми достоинствами и недостатками. Оттого и биография, написанная ею, тесно сплетается с сущностными вопросами жизни человеческого духа, которые на протяжении своего долгого земного пути ставил этот великий, но в какой-то момент заплутавшийся, норвежец.