Цель этой книги — доступным и увлекательным образом познакомить читателя с эволюцией. Здесь объясняется 101 ключевой термин, часто встречающийся в литературе по данной отрасли знаний. Для удобства статьи идут в алфавитном порядке. Причем от читателя почти не требуется никаких специальных знаний или подготовки. Книга будет полезна для всех: и для широкого круга читателей, и для тех. кто готовится к поступлению в высшие учебные заведения, и для тех. кто уже в них учится. Эволюция очень многогранное понятие, тесно связанное с бесконечным рядом других понятий. Среди них — одна из наиболее важных идей современной истории: происхождение человека и концепции его развития Эта книга представляет наиболее известные ранние и современные теории о происхождении жизни, рассматривает их проблемные, спорные аспекты, проводит через эволюционные изыскания великих мыслителей прошлого и современности, начиная от Аристотеля, до неодарвинистов, затрагивает темы от дрейфа генов до дрейфа материков. Узнайте все о развитии жизни на Земле!

What exotic creatures does tomorrow hold? Dougal Dixon's classic work of speculative anthropology blends science and fantasy in a stunning zoology of the future.

There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files. This book is about the latter. If I take a letter, lock it in a safe, hide the safe somewhere in New York, then tell you to read the letter, that’s not security. That’s obscurity. On the other hand, if I take a letter and lock it in a safe, and then give you the safe along with the design specifications of the safe and a hundred identical safes with their combinations so that you and the world’s best safecrackers can study the locking mechanism—and you still can’t open the safe and read the letter—that’s security. For many years, this sort of cryptography was the exclusive domain of the military. The United States’ National Security Agency (NSA), and its counterparts in the former Soviet Union, England, France, Israel, and elsewhere, have spent billions of dollars in the very serious game of securing their own communications while trying to break everyone else’s. Private individuals, with far less expertise and budget, have been powerless to protect their own privacy against these governments. During the last 20 years, public academic research in cryptography has exploded. While classical cryptography has been long used by ordinary citizens, computer cryptography was the exclusive domain of the world’s militaries since World War II. Today, state–of–the–art computer cryptography is practiced outside the secured walls of the military agencies. The layperson can now employ security practices that can protect against the most powerful of adversaries—security that may protect against military agencies for years to come. Do average people really need this kind of security? Yes. They may be planning a political campaign, discussing taxes, or having an illicit affair. They may be designing a new product, discussing a marketing strategy, or planning a hostile business takeover. Or they may be living in a country that does not respect the rights of privacy of its citizens. They may be doing something that they feel shouldn’t be illegal, but is. For whatever reason, the data and communications are personal, private, and no one else’s business. This book is being published in a tumultuous time. In 1994, the Clinton administration approved the Escrowed Encryption Standard (including the Clipper chip and Fortezza card) and signed the Digital Telephony bill into law. Both of these initiatives try to ensure the government’s ability to conduct electronic surveillance. Some dangerously Orwellian assumptions are at work here: that the government has the right to listen to private communications, and that there is something wrong with a private citizen trying to keep a secret from the government. Law enforcement has always been able to conduct court–authorized surveillance if possible, but this is the first time that the people have been forced to take active measures to make themselves available for surveillance. These initiatives are not simply government proposals in some obscure area; they are preemptive and unilateral attempts to usurp powers that previously belonged to the people. Clipper and Digital Telephony do not protect privacy; they force individuals to unconditionally trust that the government will respect their privacy. The same law enforcement authorities who illegally tapped Martin Luther King Jr.’s phones can easily tap a phone protected with Clipper. In the recent past, local police authorities have either been charged criminally or sued civilly in numerous jurisdictions—Maryland, Connecticut, Vermont, Georgia, Missouri, and Nevada—for conducting illegal wiretaps. It’s a poor idea to deploy a technology that could some day facilitate a police state. The lesson here is that it is insufficient to protect ourselves with laws; we need to protect ourselves with mathematics. Encryption is too important to be left solely to governments. This book gives you the tools you need to protect your own privacy; cryptography products may be declared illegal, but the information will never be.

В книге содержатся советы, алгоритмы и готовые примеры программ из различных областей: шифрование, файловые и сетевые операции, XML, ASP.NET, взаимодействие с MS Office и Internet Explorer и Др. Описаны синтаксис языка С#, вопросы отладки и профилирования приложений, а также проблемы, возникающие при переходе с других языков программирования на язык С#. Рассматриваются примеры наиболее часто используемых регулярных выражений. Отдельная глава посвящена работе с аппаратурой.

Энциклопедия пользователя содержит обзор актуальных тем, связанных с языком программирования C++. В книге рассматриваются вопросы объектно-ориентированного анализа и проектирования, универсального языка программирования UML и разработки объектных моделей. Достаточно подробно представлены вопросы реализации приложений, а также стандартная библиотека шаблонов STL. Особое внимание уделено обработке данных, живучести объектов и шифрованию, архитектуре CORBA и модели СОМ. Прилагаемый CD-ROM содержит исходные тексты примеров, рассмотренных в книге. Книга рассчитана на читателей, которые имеют начальные сведения и знания по программированию на языке C++.

The foundations of functional programming languages are examined from both historical and technical perspectives. Their evolution is traced through several critical periods: early work on lambda calculus and combinatory calculus, Lisp, Iswim, FP, ML, and modern functional languages such as Miranda1 and Haskell. The fundamental premises on which the functional programming methodology stands are critically analyzed with respect to philosophical, theoretical, and pragmatic concerns. Particular attention is paid to the main features that characterize modern functional languages: higher-order functions, lazy evaluation, equations and pattern matching, strong static typing and type inference, and data abstraction. In addition, current research areas—such as parallelism, nondeterminism, input/output, and state-oriented computations—are examined with the goal of predicting the future development and application of functional languages.

A behind-the-scenes examination of binary cryptography, from the simple "modulo" and shift operations to complex algorithms like RSA.

This dissertation examines the social origins, values orientations, moral beliefs, and behavioural strategies of a small sample of successful post-Soviet „de novo‟ firm founders, and argues that entrepreneurial individuals such as those who are the subjects of research, have effected a transformation of the informal institutional framework of Ukraine‟s nascent market sphere. In contrast to the prevailing approach of the literature on post-Soviet transitions, instead of focusing exclusively on the effects of elite-led formal institutional change and reform policy implementation (or its lack), this dissertation presents an alternative „bottom-up‟ perspective on Ukraine's development during the past decade.

The human species is relatively new to the planet in geologic terms. With origins reaching back only a few million years, the rise of humans from primate ancestors is a remarkable evolutionary success story. Early Humans traces the beginnings of the human species, its success and adaptability, and the development of such innovations as human language and culture. In exploring human origins, provocative questions arise concerning the human species: how are we different from each other, is there a biological basis for race, and what does the future hold for human evolution?

This edition helps fill that niche with more than 400 scholarly articles written by experts from around the world. Intended for students and researchers, it provides a glimpse into the effects of major scientific discoveries on world religions. The multidisciplinary scope extends coverage into the social sciences and humanities, which results in a wide spectrum of entries, such as "Buddhism," "Economics," "Evil and Suffering," "Language," "Reproductive Technology," and "String Theory." The articles range from 100-word definitions of key terms to 4000-word essays on broader topics containing background information and discussions of the religious and scientific perspectives of the issues. The longer articles include bibliographies, and there is a separate annotated bibliography for the reader who wants to explore further some of the major themes covered here. The alphabetical arrangement, synoptic outline, numerous cross references, and detailed index make this encyclopedia easy to use. While lay readers will find The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition, edited by Gary B. Ferngren and others, more accessible, the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion includes more contemporary issues, Eastern traditions, and disciplines outside of science and religion. However, both resources complement each other well. Recommended for academic and larger public libraries.

Ideas about heredity and evolution are undergoing a revolutionary change. New findings in molecular biology challenge the gene-centered version of Darwinian theory according to which adaptation occurs only through natural selection of chance DNA variations. In Evolution in Four Dimensions, Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb argue that there is more to heredity than genes. They trace four "dimensions" in evolution—four inheritance systems that play a role in evolution: genetic, epigenetic (or non-DNA cellular transmission of traits), behavioral, and symbolic (transmission through language and other forms of symbolic communication). These systems, they argue, can all provide variations on which natural selection can act. Evolution in Four Dimensions offers a richer, more complex view of evolution than the gene-based, one-dimensional view held by many today. The new synthesis advanced by Jablonka and Lamb makes clear that induced and acquired changes also play a role in evolution.

Explores the evolutionary trends in each major flowering plant part-vegetative organs, flowers and inflorescences, fruits, and seeds. Examines microsporangia, microspores, and pollen grains as well as megasporangia, mega-spores, and the ovule, and covers evolutionary trends in pollination, fertilization, and triple fusion.