Central Asia, known as the home of Tamerlane and the Silk Road, is a crossroads of great cultures and civilizations. In 1991 five new nations at the heart of the region--Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan--suddenly became independent. Today they sit strategically between Russia, China and Iran and hold some of the world's largest deposits of oil and natural gas. Ethnic and national identities formerly suppressed now find expression in language, religion, the arts, new international alignments and, occasionally, severe civil conflicts. In the decades ahead what kind of societies will the 50+ million people living in this very-old-and-very-new part of the world create? Single party secular states, Islamic republics, market democracies--something else? Civil Society in Central Asia is a pathbreaking collection of essays by scholars and activists that looks at some of the social and institutional developments which are shaping this important region's future. Are institutions emerging which create the foundations of a democratic order? As the essays suggest, trends are contradictory and not the same for each country. This timely book matches contributions by leading specialists such as S. Frederick Starr, Olivier Roy, Aziz Niyazi, Scott Horton, Alla Kazakina, Abdumannob Polat, and Reuel Hanks with the insights of individuals who have been on the front lines of the struggle for civil society in Central Asia itself--representatives of organizations such as Counterpart, Internews, and the Kazakstan International Bureau for Human Rights. Topics addressed are as diverse as the legal framework for independent associational activity, grassroots movements for environmental protection, the resurgence of Islam and the viability of the Soviet-era collective farms. A 75-page appendix provides a guide to many of the most significant projects being carried out by local and international NGOs in the region.

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press....” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others.

This entertaining read is about the word "fuck", the law, and the taboo. Whether you shout it out in the street or whisper it in the bedroom, deliberately plan a protest, or spontaneously blurt it out, if you say "fuck," someone wants to silence you, either with a dirty look across the room or by making a rule that you cannot say the word. When it's the government trying to cleanse your language, though, you should worry. Words are ideas. If the government controls the words we use, it can control what we think. To protect this liberty, we must first understand why the law's treatment of "fuck" puts that freedom at risk. This book examines the law surrounding the word and reveals both inconsistencies in its treatment and tension with other identifiable legal rights that the law simply doesn't answer. The power of taboo provides the framework to understand these uncertainties. It also explains why attempts to curtail the use of "fuck" through law are doomed to fail. Fundamentally, it persists because it is taboo; not in spite of it.

Human rights are the basic freedoms, liberties, and protections to which all persons are entitled. Human rights are not specilic to one government or religion. They do not differ in times of war or peace. Human rights are constant and inalienable rights, possessed by all people. Ideally, governments should promote and protect human rights through systems of law. Today, human rights include life, liberty, and security of person; the freedom of religion, thought, political expression, movement, assembly, speech, and organization; due process of law, education, employment, health, property ownership, cultural preservation; the right to marry and found a family; and freedom from discrimination, unjust punishment, persecution, tyranny, and oppression. The modern concept ol human rights developed over diree centuries. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the concept of natural rights emerged. Natural rights are not subject to any political, legal, or religious system. They are inalienable rights that humans possess from birth...

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. A burgeoning human rights movement followed, yielding many treaties and new international institutions and shaping the constitutions and laws of many states. Yet human rights continue to be contested politically and legally and there is substantial philosophical and theoretical debate over their foundations and implications. In this volume, distinguished philosophers, political scientists, international lawyers, environmentalists and anthropologists discuss some of the most difficult questions of human rights theory and practice: What do human rights require of the global economy? Does it make sense to secure them by force? What do they require in jus post bellum contexts of transitional justice? Is global climate change a human rights issue? Is there a human right to democracy? Does the human rights movement constitute moral progress? For students of political philosophy, human rights, peace studies, and international relations.

Цветное богато иллюстрированное информационно-справочное пособие руководство по ремонту Hyundai Tucson, а также руководство по эксплуатации и техническому обслуживанию, устройство автомобилей Hyundai Tucson, с 2004 г. выпуска, оборудованных бензиновыми двигателями G4G6 рабочим объемом 2,0 л. и G6BA рабочим объемом 2,7 л. Книга содержит более 2000 фотографий, подробно освещающих весь процесс пошагового ремонта автомобиля Хундай Туксон. Детально описывается ремонт всех узлов и агрегатов автомобиля. В отдельные разделы книги входят инструкция по эксплуатации Hyundai Tucson, рекомендации по техническому обслуживанию, цветные электросхемы автомобиля. Во всех разделах издания, посвященных обслуживанию и ремонту агрегатов и систем, в виде таблиц приведены перечни возможных неисправностей и рекомендации по их устранению. Указания по разборке, сборке, регулировке и ремонту узлов и систем автомобиля с использованием готовых запасных частей и агрегатов даны пооперационно и иллюстрированы фотоматериалами и графическими рисунками. Технология работ выбрана применительно к условиям гаража с использованием универсального инструмента, и только в исключительных случаях приведены рекомендации по применению специального инструмента, имеющегося в свободной продаже. Операции ремонта агрегатов и узлов в каждом разделе подобраны по принципу «от простого к сложному»: начиная с простейших операции по обслуживанию, регулировке узлов и систем, замене их отдельных, часто выходящих из строя деталей с постепенным переходом к крупному ремонту агрегатов. Фотоматериалы подготовлены в процессе разборки и сборки автомобилей высококвалифицированными автомеханиками.

Internet сейчас очень распространен во многих странах. Из задач для серьезных людей работа с компьютерными сетями переходит в категорию самых обычных дел, вроде просмотра телевизора. Internet имеет необычно высокое освещение в печати, сейчас идут даже исследования новой "Internet-культуры". Конечно, работа с сетями была доступна давно. Соединение компьютеров, чтобы формировать локальные сети, было общей практикой даже в маленьких организациях. Но действительно широкое распространение сети получили с появлением Internet. Создание хоста Internet с поддержкой почты и новостей, предоставляющего dialup-доступ, стало относительно простым, а появление ISDN только ускорило процесс. Сейчас развиваются еще две технологии скоростного доступа DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) и Cable Modem. Разговор о компьютерных сетях часто означает обсуждение системы Unix. Конечно, Unix не единственная операционная система с сетевыми возможностями, и она не будет оставаться лидером навсегда, но сейчас она безусловный лидер. Что делает Unix особенно интересной частным пользователям, так это активность по созданию свободных систем на ее основе для PC, например 386BSD, FreeBSD и Linux. Linux свободно распространяемый аналог Unix для персональных компьютеров. Она в настоящее время выполняется на ряде машин, включая Intel, системы на базе Motorola 680x0 (например, Commodore Amiga и Apple Macintosh), Sun SPARC, Ultra-SPARC, Compaq Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC (новое поколение Apple Macintosh) и даже на системах StrongARM (rebel.com Netwinder и 3Com Palm). Linux была перенесена и на ряд не слишком распространенных платформ, например, Fujitsu AP-1000 и IBM System 390. Но этот процесс не закончен. Идут работы по переносу данной системы на другие архитектуры. Linux была разработана большой группой добровольцев через Internet. Проект был начат в 1990 году студентом колледжа в Финляндии Линусом Торвальдсом (Linus Torvalds). На сегодняшний день Linux представляет собой полнофункциональный клон Unix. Много аппаратных средств поддерживаются, и Linux содержит полную реализацию TCP/IP-стека для работы с сетями, включая SLIP, PPP, firewall, полную поддержку IPX. ОС Linux распространяется по лицензии GNU General Public License. Эта лицензия позволяет любому желающему распространять или переделывать программное обеспечение (бесплатно или для прибыли) пока все модификации и дистрибутивы также свободно распространяются. Термин "free software" (свободное программное обеспечение) относится к свободной модификации программ, а не к их бесплатности. Как раз наоборот, на таком программном обеспечении немало фирм зарабатывают хорошие деньги.

The European Court of Human Rights has interpreted this provision broadly to include a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity. The book examines these concepts by interconnecting case law from the Court with the philosophical debates, including those in feminism, in four parts: personal freedom and human rights law; privacy and personal autonomy; personal identity; and bodily and moral integrity. The author notes, through her analysis of the Court's case law, that different versions of freedom are evident in the jurisprudence, including one which may restrict human freedom rather than enhance it through human rights law. This book will be invaluable to scholars of the Court, human rights and issues of the self.

Jeffrie G. Murphy's third collection of essays further pursues the topics of punishment and retribution that were explored in his two previous collections: Retribution, Justice and Therapy and Retribution Reconsidered. Murphy now explores these topics in the light of reflections on issues that are normally associated with religion: forgiveness, mercy, and repentance. He also explores the general issue of theory and practice and discusses a variety of topics in applied ethics - e.g., freedom of artistic expression, the morality of gambling, and the value of forgiveness in psychological counseling. As always, his perspective may be described as Kantian; and, indeed, this collection contains the first extended piece of Kant scholarship that he has done in years: a long essay on Kant on theory and practice.

Open source resources are completely common within our society. Yet open source and free software remain a mystery. Science, public highways, city parks, language—these are at the core of any free society. Commerce gets built upon them. Culture flourishes through them. Yet the same ideas applied to software puzzle many people. Language can be free, and the results of science open to all, yet to many, software is, or should be, proprietary.

Now that open source software is blossoming around the world, it is crucial to understand how open source licenses work—and their solid legal foundations. Open Source Initiative general counsel Lawrence Rosen presents a plain-English guide to open source law for developers, managers, users, and lawyers. Rosen clearly explains the intellectual property laws that support open source licensing, carefully reviews today's leading licenses, and helps you make the best choices for your project or organization

The work of Richard M. Stallman literally speaks for itself. From the documented source code to the published papers to the recorded speeches, few people have expressed as much willingness to lay their thoughts and their work on the line. Such openness-if one can pardon a momentary un-Stallman adjective-is refreshing. After all, we live in a society that treats information, especially personal information, as a valuable commodity. The question quickly arises. Why would anybody want to part with so much information and yet appear to demand nothing in return? As we shall see in later chapters, Stallman does not part with his words or his work altruistically. Every program, speech, and on-the-record bon mot comes with a price, albeit not the kind of price most people are used to paying. I bring this up not as a warning, but as an admission. As a person who has spent the last year digging up facts on Stallman's personal history, it's more than a little intimidating going up against the Stallman oeuvre. "Never pick a fight with a man who buys his ink by the barrel," goes the old Mark Twain adage. In the case of Stallman, never attempt the definitive biography of a man who trusts his every thought to the public record. For the readers who have decided to trust a few hours of their time to exploring this book, I can confidently state that there are facts and quotes in here that one won't find in any Slashdot story or Google search. Gaining access to these facts involves paying a price, however. In the case of the book version, you can pay for these facts the traditional manner, i.e., by purchasing the book. In the case of the electronic versions, you can pay for these facts in the free software manner. Thanks to the folks at O'Reilly & Associates, this book is being distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License, meaning you can help to improve the work or create a personalized version and release that version under the same license. If you are reading an electronic version and prefer to accept the latter payment option, that is, if you want to improve or expand this book for future readers, I welcome your input. Starting in June, 2002, I will be publishing a bare bones HTML version of the book on the web site, http://www.faifzilla.org. My aim is to update it regularly and expand the Free as in Freedom story as events warrant. If you choose to take the latter course, please review Appendix C of this book. It provides a copy of your rights under the GNU Free Documentation License. For those who just plan to sit back and read, online or elsewhere, I consider your attention an equally valuable form of payment. Don't be surprised, though, if you, too, find yourself looking for other ways to reward the good will that made this work possible. One final note: this is a work of journalism, but it is also a work of technical documentation. In the process of writing and editing this book, the editors and I have weighed the comments and factual input of various participants in the story, including Richard Stallman himself. We realize there are many technical details in this story that may benefit from additional or refined information. As this book is released under the GFDL, we are accepting patches just like we would with any free software program. Accepted changes will be posted electronically and will eventually be incorporated into future printed versions of this work. If you would like to contribute to the further improvement of this book, you can