This book's introduction features a humorous story of a man with a line of people behind him, who explains to his boss, "I can't find an efficient algorithm, but neither can all these famous people." This man illustrates an important quality of a class of problems, namely, the NP-complete problems: if you can prove that a problem is in this class, then it has no known polynomial-time solution that is guaranteed to work in general. This quality implies that the problem is difficult to deal with in practice.

A well reported outcome of the current expansion in the use of computers within all areas of academic, commercial and industrial life, is the growing number of users without formal training in programming or computer technology. Such users wish simply to employ the machine as a tool in their daily work, and are not interested in becoffiing computer professionals or in understanding the details of their application system. People within this category come from a very wide range of educational and professional backgrounds, each individual ideally requiring a system carefully matched to the technical, psychological and social needs of his occupation. The chapters in this volume are concerned with the satisfaction of this ideal.

What are computers in education being used for? In this book, Cynthia Solomon takes a welcome look at the possibilities and issues of learning with and about computers in schools or in any other learning environment. Solomon focuses on the use of computers within the framework of recent innovative theories of learning and education, particularly in elementary school mathematics. She devotes an entire chapter each to the work of Patrick Suppes, Robert Davis, Tom Dwyer, and Seymour Papert. Cynthia Solomon received a doctorate in education from Harvard and has worked with Seymour Papert's group at MIT and with the Atari Research Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

It has been widely recognized that artificial intelligence computations offer large potential for distributed and parallel processing. Unfortunately, not much is known about designing parallel AI algorithms and efficient, easy-to-use parallel computer architectures for AI applications. The field of par allel computation and computers for AI is in its infancy, but some significant ideas have appeared and initial practical experience has become available The purpose ofthis book has been to collect in one volume contributions from several leading researchers and pioneers of AI that represent a sample of these ideas and experiences" This sample does not include all schools of thought nor contributions from all leading researchers, but it covers a relatively wide variety of views and topics and in this sense can be helpful in assessing the state of the art We hope that the book will serve, at least, as a pointer to more specialized literature and that it will stimulate interest in the area of parallel AI processing,. It has been a great pleasure and a privilege to cooperate with all contributors to this volume, They have my warmest thanks and gratitude. Mrs, Birgitta Knapp has assisted me in the editorial task and demonstrated a great deal of skill and patience.

Книга подготовлена как практическое руководство для инженеров и техников, не имеющих систематической подготовки в области микроЭВМ. Она охватывает ключевые вопросы функционирования и использования микроЭВМ. Рассмотрены специфика работы и использования микроЭВМ, взаимодействие их с различными внешними устройствами. Даны методика построения моделей микроЭВМ и рекомендации по организации работы с рассматриваемыми микропроцессорами и микроЭВМ. Книга предназначена для инженерно-технических работников, занимающихся созданием и эксплуатацией технических устройств с микроЭВМ, а также может быть полезной студентам и школьникам, изучающим основы вычислительной техники.

Here is a state of art examination on exact & approximate algorithms for a number of important NP-hard problems in the field of integer linear programming, which the authors refer to as "knapsack.'' Includes not only the classical knapsack problems such as binary, bounded, unbounded or binary multiple, but also less familiar problems such as subset-sum & change-making. Well known problems that are not usually classified in the knapsack area, including generalized assignment & bin packing, are also covered. The text fully develops an algorithmic approach without losing mathematical rigor.

В книге освещен комплекс вопросов, связанных с ремонтом и обслуживанием некоторых классов вычислительных машин — клавишных, перфорационных, бухгалтерских, электронных. Рассмотрены основные дискретные элементы вычислительных машин, основы электромонтажных работ, контрольно-измерительные приборы, применяемые при ремонте и обслуживании. Книга может быть использована при подготовке электромехаников по ремонту и обслуживанию вычислительных машин в системе профтехобразования и обучении рабочих на производстве.

The quadtree and octree are hierarchical data structures used to represent spatial data. They are based on the principle of recursive decomposition (similar to divide and con- conquer methods [Aho74]). This book focuses on the use of quadtree and octree representations of region data (in two and three dimensions, respectively) in applications in computer graphics, image processing, and geographic information systems (Gis), as well as computer vision, robotics, pattern recognition, solid modeling, and other areas. For a comprehensive treatment of related hierarchical representations of spatial data including points, lines, rectangles, regions, and volumes, see [Same90a]. To many people, the terms quadtree and octree have taken on a generic meaning synonymous with the term hierarchical data structure. Hierarchical data structures are useful because of their ability to focus on the interesting subsets of the data. This focusing results in an efficient representation and in improved execution times. Thus they are particularly convenient for performing set operations. Many of the operations described can often be performed as efficiently, or more so, with other data structures. Nevertheless, hierarchical data structures are attractive because of their conceptual clarity and ease of implementation. In addition, the use of some of them provides a spatial index. This is very useful in applications involving spatial databases.

Computers, Chess, and Cognition presents an excellent up-to-date description of developments in computer chess, a rapidly advancing area in artificial intelligence research. This book is intended for an upper undergraduate and above level audience in the computer science (artificial intelligence) community. The chapters have been edited to present a uniform terminology and balanced writing style, to make the material understandable to a wider, less specialized audience. The book's primary strengths are the description of the workings of some major chess programs, an excellent review of tree searching methods, discussion of exciting new research ideas, a philosophical discussion of the relationship of computer game playing to artificial intelligence, and the treatment of computer Go as an important new research area. A complete index and extensive bibliography makes the book a valuable reference work. The book includes a special foreword by Ken Thompson, author of the UNIX operating system.

Examines computer modeling of enzyme reactions (including enzyme kinetics), techniques popular in the fields of physical, organic, and biochemistry as well as pharmaceutical research. Includes practical computer exercises and sample computer programs which can be run on a PC. The programs serve as simple illustrations of the different concepts of computer modeling and as an introduction to more versatile computer modeling packages which can be run on mainframes. Also provides an introduction to the rapidly growing field of computer simulation and modeling of macromolecules, emphasizing structure-function correlation in proteins and the action of enzymes.

Словник містить понад 2000 англійських парних словосполучень з їх українськими відповідниками. Такі словосполучення різного ступеня усталеності здатні виражати розмаїту гаму значень і широко вживаються в сучасній англійській розмовній і діловій мові, мові преси і художньої літератури тощо. Словосполучення розміщуються за алфавітом, супроводжуються прикладами вживання у мовленні. Словник призначається для перекладачів, студентів, аспірантів, наукових працівників, учителів, учнів шкіл, технікумів і коледжів, для всіх, хто вивчає англійську мову або володіє нею тою чи іншою мірою. Він може бути також корисним носіям англійської мови, які вивчають українську мову, зокрема в українській діаспорі. Матеріал словника можна використати також при комп'ютерній обробці тексту та для складання програм машинного перекладу.

The World Wide Web, the first global networked information service that is truly friendly, is probably the fastest growing technological phenomenon in the history of the human race (except maybe gambling).

The subject of VLSI systems spans a broad range of disciplines, including semiconductor devices and processing, integrated electronic circuits, digital logic, design disciplines and tools for creating complex systems, and the architecture, algorithms, and applications of complete VLSI systems. The Addison-Wesley VLSI Systems Series is being organized as a set of textbooks and research references that present the best current work across this exciting and diverse field, with each book providing for its subject a perspective that ties it to related disciplines. Computer Aids for VLSI Design by Steven Rubin presents a broad and coherent view of the computational tools available to the VLSI designer. This book contains insights and information that will be valuable both to chip designers and to tool builders. Modern VLSI computer aided design (CAD) systems allow the chip designer to access in a consistent and convenient way a variety of synthesis and analysis tools. Such tools have advanced considerably in the past several years, both in their scope and in their ability to handle large designs. Part of what distinguishes the expert chip designer from the novice is an understanding the entire suite of tools that are available, and how they work together to support the design flow of a project. One can come to understand the capabilities and limitations of individual tools in some cases from their external interfaces and roles in the design process. In other cases it is useful to appreciate how the tools work internally. Rubin presents both perspectives for all of the important categories of synthesis and analysis tools. The exposition is readily understandable to anyone familiar with chip design and computer programming. The starting point for this book was a design system called "Electric," which Rubin designed and programmed almost single-handedly over the past four years. Electric is a complete and elegant system that has been used for the design and verification of many chips. The book is not a "manual" for using Electric. Rather, Electric is used as a vehicle for exposing design choices and internal interfaces that are common to many of the advanced design systems currently available. Thus this book allows one to learn in a realistic setting something of the art practiced by VLSI design system developers.

Ч. 4 : Паскаль. - 1996. - 96 с.

Розглянуто синтаксис та семантику мови програмування Паскаль для середовища програмування Турбо Паскаль, яке використовується в сучасних комп'ютерах. Рекомендується для самостійного, факультативного чи альтернативного до мови Бейсик вивчення.

Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs has had a dramatic impact on computer science curricula over the past decade. This long-awaited revision contains changes throughout the text. There are new implementations of most of the major programming systems in the book, including the interpreters and compilers, and the authors have incorporated many small changes that reflect their experience teaching the course at MIT since the first edition was published. A new theme has been introduced that emphasizes the central role played by different approaches to dealing with time in computational models: objects with state, concurrent programming, functional programming and lazy evaluation, and nondeterministic programming. There are new example sections on higher-order procedures in graphics and on applications of stream processing in numerical programming, and many new exercises. In addition, all the programs have been reworked to run in any Scheme implementation that adheres to the IEEE standard.

Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications deals with color vision and visual computing. This book provides an overview of the human visual system with an emphasis on color vision and perception. The book then goes on to discuss how human color vision and perception are applied in several applications using computer-generated displays, such as computer graphics and information and data visualization. Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications is suitable as a secondary text for a graduate-level course on computer graphics, computer imaging, or multimedia computing and as a reference for researchers and practitioners developing computer graphics and multimedia applications.