Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні французької мови та підготовці до іспитів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на іспитах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5-11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів французької мови.

This standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs expressed in the FORTRAN language. The purpose of this standard is to promote portability of FORTRAN programs for use on a variety of data processing systems.

Słownik skierowany jest nie tylko dla uczniów, ale też do szerszego grona osób, które są zainteresowane pochodzeniem i historią wyrazów. Celem publikacji jest ukazanie podstawowego zasobu słownictwa współczesnej polszczyzny, w tym również niektórych form potocznych.

Practice gets a raw deal in the field of applied linguistics. Most laypeople simply assume that practice is a necessary condition for language learning without giving the concept much further thought, but many applied linguists eschew the term practice. For some, the word conjures up images of mind-numbing drills in the sweatshops of foreign language learning, while for others it means fun and games to appease students on Friday afternoons. Practice is by no means a dirty word in other domains of human endeavor, however. Parents dutifully take their kids to soccer practice, and professional athletes dutifully show up for team practice, sometimes even with recent injuries. Parents make their kids practice their piano skills at home, and the world’s most famous performers of classical music often practice for many hours a day, even if it makes their fingers hurt. If even idolized, spoiled, and highly paid celebrities are willing to put up with practice, why not language learners, teachers, or researchers?

Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні німецької мови та підготовці до екзаменів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на екзаменах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5-11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів німецької мови.

Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions—the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread—may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.

The debate is ages old: Where does language come from? Is it an artifact of our culture or written in our very DNA? In recent years, the leading linguists have seemingly settled the issue: all languages are fundamentally the same and the particular language we speak does not shape our thinking in any significant way. Guy Deutscher says they’re wrong. From Homer to Darwin, from Yale to the Amazon, and through a strange and dazzling history of the color blue, Deutscher argues that our mother tongues do indeed shape our experiences of the world. Audacious, delightful, and provocative, Through the Language Glass is destined to become a classic of intellectual discovery.

The study of language learner characteristics, or individual differences (IDs), has a long tradition in second language studies and nobody would question that factors such as language aptitude, motivation, or learning styles are important contributors to success in mastering a foreign language. Accordingly, the existing literature on individual difference variables is extensive. Curiously, however, there are very few book-length summaries of the topic—in fact, there is only one single-authored monograph on language learning IDs, Peter Skehan’s (1989) seminal title on Individual Differences in Second Language Learning. Since the publication of that book a great deal of research has been conducted in the field to explore the language learner, and an updated overview has been due for some time. In response to this need, the last five years have seen the publication of no fewer than four anthologies on learner issues (although not all from an ID perspective), edited by Breen (2001), Cook (2002), Cornwell and Robinson (2000), and Robinson (2002). These volumes are all of high quality, with chapters written by some of the best known experts in the field. So what justifies the writing of the current book? Let me mention three reasons: • An authored book can offer certain useful features that anthologies, by definition, cannot: A unified voice and style, an integrated text, and a more even coverage of the domain without duplications or gaps. • Anthologies are, by definition, selective: They focus on key issues and often ignore smaller but nevertheless important subareas that do not warrant a whole chapter. This is certainly true in our case, as none of the four works mentioned above address, for example, ‘learner beliefs,’ or ‘learning styles,’ let alone lesser known variables such as ‘creativity’. So far such topics have been discussed primarily in journal articles and, to a lesser extent, in thematic monographs targeting only the specific ID variable in question. • In this book I would like to extend the traditional boundaries of individual differences and include some important learner variables—most notably various personality traits—that are not normally discussed in this context in the L2 literature.

Speech does not fossilize but the interpretation of artefacts obtained from archaeological sites can be used to infer the degree of complexity of the communication system necessary to produce these artefacts and sometimes their associated behaviour. The degree of complexity of tool technology is often used as a marker for the level of cognitive ability but it is difficult to extrapolate the need of a sophisticated system of communication from tool technology alone. One reason is that the ability to manufacture complex tools can be learned from observation and imitation without explicit tutoring requiring the use of language. Intentional burials and sea faring are activities that appear to require a greater reliance on linguistic communication for the purpose of enacting rituals and solving problems.

In 1993 the first edition of ELL (Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as “the field’s standard reference work for a generation”. Now the all-new second edition matches ELL’s comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics. The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field. An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles. The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics through the online edition. Ground-breaking and International in scope and approach. Alphabetically arranged with extensive cross-referencing.

Підручник ставить за мету ознайомити студентів5юристів з країнознавчою термінологією України, Великої Британії, США – про державний устрій цих країн, політичні партії, виборчі системи, правові системи, систему судочинства. У підручнику міститься матеріал про право Європейського Союзу, права людини, міжнародне право, конституційне право, трудове право. Підручник призначений для студентів І–ІІІ курсів юридичних спеціальностей вищих навчальних закладів.

Посібник допоможе школярам у вивченні англійської мови та підготовці до екзаменів. Він містить усні теми з перекладом, що традиційно пропонуються на екзаменах і рекомендуються до вивчення протягом навчального року. Тексти складені в межах елементарного лексичного й граматичного матеріалу. Беручи за основу теми та додаткові автентичні тексти, наведені в посібнику, учні можуть скласти власні усні повідомлення. Для учнів 5—11 класів, абітурієнтів і викладачів англійської мови.

This is a simple introduction to Old English for students with little or no linguistic knowledge. Unlike other textbooks on the subject, Beginning Old English focuses on the explanation and illustration of how the language works, using accessible illustrations from simplified Old English texts and demonstrating how many feature of present-day English have their roots in this stage of the language. It also includes long extracts from popular Old English works for use in the classroom.

Access Real mode from Protected mode; Protected mode from Real mode Apply OOP concepts to assembly language programs Interface assembly language programs with high-level languages Achieve direct hardware manipulation and memory access Explore the archite Readers explore the architectural details of Windows at the system level. This book provides the how-to information and example code advanced developers need for the full range of 16- and 32-bit systems-level programming.

The report gives a defining description of the programming language Scheme. Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. It was designed to have an exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient expression in Scheme. The introduction offers a brief history of the language and of the report. The first three chapters present the fundamental ideas of the language and describe the notational conventions used for describing the language and for writing programs in the language. Chapters section 4. Expressions and section 5. Program structure describe the syntax and semantics of expressions, programs, and definitions. Chapter section 6. Standard procedures describes Scheme's built-in procedures, which include all of the language's data manipulation and input/output primitives. Chapter section 7. Formal syntax and semantics provides a formal syntax for Scheme written in extended BNF, along with a formal denotational semantics. An example of the use of the language follows the formal syntax and semantics. The report concludes with a list of references and an alphabetic index.