The article presents the analysis of the content organisation of English business discourse, which can be hierarchical and linear. The overview of scientific papers demonstrates that only hierarchical organisation of discourse has been thoroughly studied, while the linear one is still the subject of investigation. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the linear-hierarchical organisation of the realised themes and topics in it and existing semantic relations between them. The linear-hierarchical organisation of the content in English business discourse is considered as a set of models: a monotopical one, which displays the realisation of the same theme and/or topic within the exchange, and a polytopical one, i.e. a content model that presents the unfolding of various themes and/or topics within the same exchange. The types of a polytopical model are identified as follows: first type demonstrates topical sequence, in which various topics belonging to one theme are combined; second type shows topical sequence, in which various topics belonging to different themes are combined. The types of semantic relations between the elements of the model are examined. The author has identified that in the monotopical model relations of generalisation, specification, modification, support and closing are realised, and in polytopical model - relations of digression and change. Topic change in its turn can be sharp/incohesive or gradual/coherent.

The article describes the results of introducing the newly developed methodology of teaching students majoring in philology to translate social and political texts from English into Ukrainian with the help of one of the leading computer -assisted translation software tools (CAT-tools) - SDL Trados. The course "Modern Translation Technologies. CAT-tools" included four thematic blocks (translating files of various formats; creating and managing term bases; creating translation memories based on existing translations (alignment) and managing them; managing translation projects) and three sub-systems of exercises (preparatory exercises, exercises for developing skills in translation with the help of CAT-tools, exercises for developing abilities in translation with the help of CATtools). The pilot study was carried out in the form of natural vertical experimental teaching which lasted during the second semester of 2015/2016 academic year (March - May). The subjects included 12 fifth year students of the Department of English Translation Theory and Practice of the School of Foreign Languages of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University majoring in translation. The course was introduced to the students during three months (24 academic hours), two academic hours per week. The stages of the experimental teaching included the following: preparing the experiment, realising it, processing the results and interpreting them. The comparison of the students' average results obtained before and after the experimental teaching allows to state that there is a substantial increase in students' proficiency in translating social and political texts from English into Ukrainian with the help of CAT-tools while the increase in students' proficiency in translating similar texts from English into Ukrainian by hand is definitely low and can't be regarded even as a satisfactory one. The results of the experimental teaching show that the hypothesis preconceived at the very beginning of the study is confirmed.

The article examines written works of John Amos Comenius and Hryhoriy Skovoroda, the outstanding educators and humanists of the 17th - 18th centuries in the context of their interpretation of the concept "freedom". The analysis of the published works of the philosophers reveals multidimensionality of this category. Specifically, freedom is viewed as a universal culture; an individual and social value; an extent of responsibility, et cetera. The research shows that these scholars established dialectical links between freedom, education, culture and humanistic thinking. Culture and erudition of a person develop under the conditions of freedom of the individual and society. Education of a person is a life-long process, it is a basis of virtuous human behaviour, morality and spirituality. John Amos Comenius Comenius and Hryhoriy Skovoroda considered school and university to perform not only educational role, but above all cultural and developmental ones. In the context of pedagogical grounds and principles of the philosophers, training and education should be appropriate to human nature and culture. A school should serve as a "workshop of humanity", which requires the activities to be well organised, the attitude to be humane, fair and impartial. Under these conditions, a school becomes a place of true paradise and pleasure as opposed to humiliation, indifference and torture. The paper underlines that the freedom of society largely determines the level of individual freedom. Freedom is an extent of teacher's responsibility.

The researcher analyses special procedural aspects and important tools of organisational change management (at the level of higher educational establishments). As part of the study, the expert survey was conducted for the purpose of collecting empirical data for the analysis of practical experience of active participants of educational changes. The author surveyed 65 specialists from Ukraine who study the educational change issues in higher educational institutions in their professional or social activities. The survey was conditionally divided into several sections: general, procedural, resources provision of change, instrumental, analysis of change results, informative and analytical, expert evaluation of governmental educational change administration in Ukraine. The majority of questions concerned the determination of the required conditions for successful implementation of educational change. Based on the analysis of contemporary scientific literature, the author defined the logics and consistency of procedures of preparation for and immediate implementation of educational change. The omission of at least one of these procedures threatens the result of the overall process of educational changes. The author suggests that the low efficiency of educational change implementation in Ukrainian educational establishments is caused by neglect or improper use of essential preparation tools and procedures of proper educational change management support (underestimation of needs for sufficient resources, advisory support, awareness-raising campaigns, administration support, stimulation of participants and necessity of their continuous training).

The article deals with the language semantic units and peculiarities of their performance from the point of view of linguistics. The author highlights how the semantic unit application in a certain function (name-word or symbol-word) influences the speech efficiency of the politician supplementing his/her political image. We investigated a symbol-word as a semantic unit with inherent psychological and linguistic features which lie in the fact that the properties of the object are manifested; its main and additional meaning as well as feelings are expressed through the language means. By segregating the differences of the symbol-word from other semantic units we defined its main functions in the political speech that make it possible for the text to turn into a powerful tool of influence on the listener's consciousness. Due to the analysis of the words in the function of respective semantic units we were able to realise certain mechanics of the impact on the recipient's (public) consciousness and to assess their role in the efficiency of emphasis in the speech and the possibility of getting an emotional response from the listener. We defined the aspects enabling the political speech to increase influence on the audience. Firstly, the use of symbol-words in the speech of a politician makes it possible to build the speech addressed not to the rational thinking but affects an unconsciousness suggesting stable meanings. Secondly, with the help of symbols the most vulnerable fields of consciousness are affected, which in turn can trigger strong emotions (fear, anxiety, hope, etc.). Based on the analysis of the speech by Donald Trump, we demonstrated how the change of semantic unit function from the name word to the symbol-word is capable of distinguishing emphasis that increases the efficiency of influence on the public consciousness.

The article addresses the problem of questioning as an important intellectual tool central to student learning and developing, as well as an integral part of an EFL teacher knowledge and expertise. An overview of research findings on the subject of classroom questioning has been made. A number of pedagogical implications concerning teacher questioning knowledge and skills relevant for the Ukrainian EFL classroom practices are outlined. The most popular cognitive scaffolds for questioning are discussed. The problem of priority of higher-cognitive questions or lower-cognitive questions in EFL instruction is seen as "one cannot be used without the other", with the teacher's choice depending upon the students' proficiency level, learning stages and classroom communication contexts. The concepts of "thinking routines" and "questioning sequences" are assumed to be efficient in the EFL teacher questioning behaviours. The author comes to the conclusion that TEFL programs at Ukrainian universities should offer a special course or academic modules to give prospective teachers theoretical insights and training to help them develop professional questioning skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate curiosity styles of teacher candidates. A total of 250 teacher candidates - classroom/physical education and sports-volunteered for the study. In the study Turkish version of Erwin's (1998) two-factor curiosity scale was used as data gathering tool. In the evaluation of data first reliability and normality analyses were made. And M ANOVA was used as hypothesis test at the %95 confidence level. This study showed that classroom teacher candidates' breadth of interest curiosity score was significantly higher in comparison with physical education and sport teacher candidates.

Modern editor education in Ukraine is traditionally based on learning and reproducing of theoretical knowledge and doesn't account for all possible directions of a graduates' professional career. The author analyses the requirements of the labour market to the competences of the graduates of editing specialities, proposes and justifies the necessity of using the methods of teaching in which the knowledge is acquired in the context of professional activity. Four main skills of a modern editor which should be formed during the learning process are singled out, namely: 1) working with information; 2) interaction with people; 3) operation in a narrow time frame; 4) using the existing experience to acquire new knowledge, solve new tasks under new conditions, unusual situations. So-called active learning, associated with the involvement of participants of learning process into different kinds of activities, is the most effective to for m the above mentioned skills. The research proves the efficiency of such organizational forms and methods of learning activities as round tables, group discussions, conferences, case study, editorial analysis, modeling of editorial and publishing processes, interviews, teamwork, analysis of publications, mini-lectures, video trainings, presentations, simulation games, analysis of problematic cases and atypical errors etc. These methods allow students to develop flexibility of thought, adaptation to real work situations, initiative, autonomy in decision-making and at the same time the ability to work in a team, creative approach to problem-solving. The result of using these teaching methods with the elements of competition, autonomy at the lesson, peer evaluation is the formation of professional and personal qualities, understanding the need for ongoing professional self-education. All these methods of learning activities of students got approval in the questionnaires and group discussions.

This paper reports on an innovative approach to using blogs in teaching English as a foreign language. A blog is a sound example of information and communication technologies (ICT) implementation for language learning. In this paper, authors present the results of a small-scale action research aimed at analysing students' perceptions of blogging. In total, 25 first-year university students majoring in English took part in a survey. The research results give the evidence of the benefits of using blogs: it encourages students' autonomous learning, expands their collaboration through comments and discussions, improves language skills, increases the sense of responsibility and the desire for life-long learning, etc. At the same time, teachers consider blogs to be an effective facilitation for greater learner interaction and skills development. The research deals with the detailed blog starting guide for teachers of English. Authors instruct how to create and maintain blogs, as these interactive web pages prove to be effective for students online chatting, exchanging photos, videos, pictures, thereby expanding their language study beyond the classroom. For those who refuse being involved in the creation of a personal web page, some useful blog links are given. For better understanding of blogging efficiency, the researchers report on the positive implementation of blogs in teaching English, focusing on developing reading, writing, speaking and listening skills.

The article explicates the significance of the development of future EFL teachers' information competence for their professional career and investigates the possibility to improve this competence in studying English. It also reveals the relations between information competence and professional development of future EFL teachers and proves that information competence has become the important one for life-long education of EFL teachers. It depicts that the information competence influences the professional level of future EFL teachers, their creative skills and abilities. In the article, compulsory and optional courses in the system of the teacher education for the development of information competence are analysed. It examines the importance of the use of information technology during professional training, as it solves not only the task to improve future EFL teachers' education but the development of the information competence of new generation school teachers. It proves that digital technologies influence the development of new ways of teaching and learning English, form new professional characteristics of EFL teachers; create new key competences for lifelong learning of future professionals. It deals with the problem that the lack of adequate access to the information and communication technology has the influence on the development of highly skilled professionals in the sphere of English language education.

Motivation has been one of the earliest concepts of interest in general and educational psychology. Learning is mediated by individuals' reasons and choices to do something or to abstain from it. The current paper is an attempt to summarise and review the development of motivation theories, models and frameworks within educational psychology. It specifically focuses on the emergence of self-related theories in motivation research. The earlier trends and theories such as expectancy-value theories, goal theories, and attribution theories are briefly described and the influential scholars who contributed to these theoretical developments are introduced. Then, the theoretical transition to self-related theories of motivation is highlighted. A general review of self-worth, self-determination and self-efficacy theories that stemmed from the concept of self is also provided.

The research is devoted to the scientific substantiation of pedagogical conditions and experimental verification of model of the formation of foreign language competence of students in Mechanical Engineering. The author defines the concept of "foreign language competence" as a dynamic combination of knowledge and practical skills. The term determines the ability of individuals to use a foreign language in professional, scientific activities and in social communication successfully. The research represents the model of the formation of foreign language competence of engineering students by multimedia that includes criteria (motivation, reflexive, cognitive activity, practical and technological), and levels of performance (high, sufficient, average, low). The pedagogical conditions of formation of foreign language competence comprise the interrelationship of the humanities and professional disciplines in the training of students, the vocational and academic orientation of foreign language learning, a combination of multimedia with traditional forms of studying, intensification of students' independent work by means of distance learning. The formative experiment reveals positive changes in the levels of forming foreign language competence of the experimental group compared with the control one. The obtained results confirm the correctness of the hypothesis, according to which the effectiveness of professional training of engineering students enhances if the formation of foreign language competence is carried out with the use of multimedia and under certain pedagogical conditions.

The article reveals the issue of moral and ethical education of youth, which found a reflection in the pedagogical heritage of the founders of medical and pharmaceutical education in Slobozhanshchina in the second half of 19th - early 20th century. The author uses general theoretical, comparative, historical retrospective, biographical research methods, as well as the historical actualisation. The article proves that medical scholars and naturalists advocated the idea of the need to develop moral consciousness, moral feelings and beliefs, and to develop habits of moral behaviour of the younger generation and workers of the health care industry. The ideas of the Slobozhanshchina scholars are useful nowadays. They can be used by the health researchers for highlighting the moral traits of the personality in the context of an educational ideal as well as legal regulation of professional and ethical sphere of physicians and pharmacists. These ideas are important for engaging students in charitable activities. Further research is required in the field of Kharkiv University scientific society's activities in finding the ways of formation of future professionals' moral personality.

The present paper deals with English secondary TextReviews, an increasingly popular and non-trivial mode of computer-mediated communication, which provides popularisation of the book itself as well as the increase of motivation to reading. It is considered that TextReviews are oriented on pragmatically focused impact on the reader and perform communicative-mediatory function in society, creating the algorithm of behaviour of potential readers. Particular attention is focused on the role of a reader, whose task is to extract maximum of the author's thoughts, to grasp as much information as possible, to assess the merits of the book and finally to share emotions with potential readers. We have presented and comparatively analysed the linguistic means with the help of which authors of TextReviews manipulate potential readers. The study relies on such methods as textual analysis, contextual method, interaction analysis, and quantitative method. The results of this research show that audience-oriented type of texts is the most common. Spatio-temporal constraints of impact of TextReviews make their authors create a text in which elements of different levels of language, together with non-verbal components, are to convince the potential readers of the need to commit the actions programmed by the author of the TextReview, i.e. purchase of a book. The paper stipulates that TextReview becomes one of the main strategies of a new approach to the book publishing and book distribution nowadays.

The aesthetic reflection of the world in language finds its expression in the oldest, phonetic aspect of the word's meaning. Phonetic timbre is the distinctive quality in the sounds of words. A marked consistency of texture in poetic discourse is achieved by alliteration. There is a growing interest in its aesthetic measure. The aim of this article is to suggest, following G. Mazzola, a conceptual framework for consonantal analysis of poems in terms of the category of topological spaces. The topological space of the line is viewed as made of phonetic toposes. They include a consonant sound and its morphism. A consonant sound carries substance and is called "denotator". The conceptual form of denotator consists of Name, Type, and Coordinator. The name of the consonant represents the phonetic theme: the n phonetic theme embraces high timbre consonants, while them phonetic theme includes low timbre consonants. Two types of consonance are singled out - complete consonance and incomplete consonance. The results of the analysis of poetic discourse show that complete consonance coordination has two forms: simple morphism and compound morphism. In case of incomplete consonance the morphism is intensified or lax. Phonetic topology may prove to be an effective mechanism in the study of "orchestration of voice" in poetic discourse as a socio-cultural phenomenon.

In the paper on the basis of a systemic analysis of the English fairy tales' semantic, functional and structural characteristics the author updates its definition of a small form folk text, outlines typical genre characteristics and substantiates a hierarchical subordination of its functional features. The paper also advances the algorithmic model, representing the steps of unfolding the English fairy tales' plot elements, which serves as a theoretical and methodological ground for the experimental phonetic study of prosodic means that organise the text of a fairy tale. Within the process of model formation, the author performs a matrix analysis of the fairy tale's content and compositional structure, presented as a systemic algorithmic scheme. The evaluation of emotional and pragmatic potentials of the spoken fairy tale made it possible to describe the peculiarities of prosodic features functioning within its structural elements (exposition - development of the events - climax - denouement) and at their junctures as well as substantiate its invariant and variant intonation patterns. The carried out auditory analysis proves that there is a direct correlation between the fairy tale's plot structure and its prosodic means, whose specific interaction triggers creative and cognitive processes in the recipient's mind aimed at conveying the text pragmatic aim.

The paper deals with the problems of definition, correlation and synthesis of two text types: announcement and annotation. The main goal of this article is to postulate they have enough similar features to be combined in one text type. The examination of the relationship between different types of text is one of the most current research topics in the European linguistic literature, to which more and more studies draw the attention. However, the empirical research is still rarely carried out. In this paper, announcement and annotation have been examined on common and different features of both speech genres with a view to a correlation of these genres. After the synthesis of two text types, the authors determined their common traits which evidence these genres consistency. After all, the suggestion was made to integrate the definitions of announcement and annotation texts into one definition: announcement annotation texts (or annotexts). Although this postulate needs to be modified and supplemented in view of text types selected for analysis, it is a good starting point for further research.

This paper sets out the necessity of examining the communication skills of teachers of Spanish as a foreign language as conducted in other socio-educative contexts. According to this objective, the paper begins with a review of theoretical efforts that have been made during recent years referring to research methodology (such as instruments), and to their main results. This leads to a discussion of the training needs that teachers of Spanish as a foreign language presently face for the development of their communication s kills in the classroom and, in general terms, the paper discusses the different types of ideas and strategies that must be considered during teachers' instruction. Finally, this brief proposal expects to be the seed of future research projects that impact positively on the improvement of teachers' communication competence, whereby the ideas discussed here are taken as a nuclear component in the frame of future teaching competence.

The article highlights the necessity and possibility of students' psychological and cognitive development by means of a language education through the intensive and regular formation of linguistic abilities. The concept "ability" is analysed and defined in terms of different sciences: psychology, physiology and pedagogy. The linguistic abilities are classified as special abilities. It distinguishes them from general abilities and determines their composition. The structure of these abilities includes primarily components - memory, perception, intellection and a number of secondary qualities which are discussed in the article. Creativity is regarded as a valuable addition to any special abilities and its formation in language study is ensured by using a problem-solving method. Special attention in the article is paid to the issues of motivation and interest which are presented as the significant factors accelerating the formation of linguistic abilities. For determining the level of linguistic abilities, the article substantiates the use of diagnostic tests designed to evaluate the indicators of cognitive processes related to a speech activity. These indicators are ranked and combined into four main groups in accordance with a component composition of linguistic abilities.

Dynamic Assessment has recently been voiced of constructivism, the socio-cultural theory of learning. This article, challenging the psychometric and product-based test, makes an attempt to delve into the epistemological and ontological theories of Dynamic Assessment (DA) and their criticisms. DA is the offspring of Vygotsky's theory of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Feuerstein's mediated learning experience (MLE). It emphasises constructing a future through mediations. Interestingly, this development-oriented process of collaboration relies on the unification of instruction and assessment which is a strong threat to the reliability of the psychometric tests. This study also deals with the battle of views on DA. It discusses the appealing face of DA embracing ethical values, fairness and social equity, and the process based assessment. It also argues the negative face of DA comprising modifiability, interventionism, and stability. It finally concludes that each system should be criticised by certain criteria. Faced with the scarcity of research both theoretically and empirically, the critical analysis of this new generation of test in an L2 setting might be helpful for further discussions, suggestions and implications in the second language learning arena.