Breast milk (BM) is an optimal nutritional product for newborns and a source of exogenous microRNAs (miR). MiR-148a is one of the most highly expressed miR of BM. Currently, there is a lack of data on the miR-148a effect on the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature newborns. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of miR-148a of the mother's BM on the risk of NEC development in preterm newborns. We examined 74 newborns, who were treated in neonatal departments. We determined the level of miR-148a in the BM of 44 mothers of exclusively breastfed children. In parallel, we evaluated gene expression of the transcription factor T-bet in scrapings of the buccal mucosa of all the newborns. Three groups for comparison were selected: group 1 consisted of 32 newborns up to 37 weeks of gestation on breastfeeding (BF); group 2 - of 30 preterm newborns on artificial feeding; the control group - 12 full-term newborns on BF. Conclusions: the miR-148a expression level is relatively lower in the BM of the mothers whose children were born prematurely and have problems with adaptation than in the mothers who gave birth at term. However, in case of NEC development, there is an increase of miR-148a level in the mother's BM, which contributes to a decrease in the T-bet expression in the mucous membranes of the child and has a protective impact on intestinal walls.

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