In this article, we present a short overview of the Ukrainian contribution into physics of 2D semiconductor structures as a basis for high-tech devices of modern nanoelectronics together with some new results in this field. The possibility of creating "low-threshold" 2D lasers in Si3N4 - GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs - GaAs layered heterostructures, in which two-dimensional electron-hole plasma (EHP) is formed, has been analyzed. The investigations of optical amplification spectra in heterostructures with a two-dimensional quantum well have been performed in details. It has been demonstrated that under the conditions of simultaneous co-existence of 3D-EHP and 2D-EHP, stimulated radiation is formed predominantly in 2D-EHP, with the laser excitation threshold at which optical amplification occurs in 2D-EHP by two orders of magnitude lower than in 3D-EHP, and the corresponding value of the coefficient of optical amplification is 2,5 times greater. A simple theoretical model of electron heating in a system with two valleys is applied to describe 2D semiconductor monolayers of the MoS2 and WS2 types. The model is demonstrated to describe sufficiently well the available experimental data on the negative differential conductance effect in a WS2 monolayer. It confirms the possibility to fabricate Gunn diodes of a new and advanced EMW generation based on the structures concerned. These diodes are capable to generate frequencies of the order of 10 GHz and higher, which makes them attractive for HF practical applications.

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