Astrocytoma is a form of a brain tumor that is rather prevalent. It originates in astrocytes, star-shaped cells that make up the "glue-like" or supporting tissue. Astrocytomas are classified by their nature and severity. According to the World Health Organization, there are I - IV grades of these tumours. Pilocytic astrocytoma, grade II astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma multiforme are the most common types of astrocytoma. However, depending on the type, its clinical appearance and diagnosis may change. Similarly, surgical management differs depending on the type of astrocytoma. The current study aims to identify the basic characteristics of different forms of astrocytoma, better understand diagnosis and therapy, and search for publications in NCBI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This article provides an overview of astrocytoma therapy based on its type; the findings greatly depend on different forms of astrocytoma, possibility to perform gross total resection, and lastly, the prognosis. Knowledge of astrocytoma types and manifestations may help in the surgical management of astrocytoma. We also presented a review of the literature on the types and diagnosis of astrocytoma and evaluated current surgical treatments and prognosis.

Oligoastrocytoma (OA) is a part of the glial cell continuum, which also includes astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. As defined by the World Health Organization, this type of tumor is considered low-grade (grade II). Oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma are both diffusely infiltrating, slow-growing gliomas having oligodendroglial or astrocytic cell architecture. Essentially, the surgical outcome in OA depends on the amount of tumor removed during surgery, its location, the patient's age, and the extent to which postoperative radiation and/or chemotherapy were used. The concept of the amount of tumor excision and its impact on the surgical outcome in OA patients is considered. The subject of this study is a 30-year-old man who had a history of seizures and was diagnosed with OA. He underwent OA excision at the Regional Clinical Center of Neurosurgery and Neurology in Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Using intraoperative neuromonitoring, surgeons were able to do a 63,5 % excision of the tumor followed by chemotherapy. As a result, the patient became seizure-free in the follow-up period. The case study highlights the critical nature of surgical resection and subsequent chemotherapy in the treatment of low-grade oligoastrocytoma. In certain individuals, a gross or subtotal surgical approach may significantly decrease tumor volume, hence favoring future treatment. As a result, such a combination should be regarded as a means of delaying radiation and improving the quality of life. Additional research is necessary to identify patients who respond well to treatment.

Diffuse astrocytoma (DA) is a rare low-grade astrocytoma with high cellular differentiation, slow growth, and extensive infiltration of neighbouring brain areas. Despite being classified as grade II diffuse astrocytoma by the World Health Organization, these neoplasms in children are clinically and molecularly differ from those in adults. They seldom proceed to higher grade lesions and infrequently have an IDH mutation. DA is most common in young people, although it can also occur in youngsters and the elderly. They can be found everywhere in the brain, but they are most frequent in the cerebral hemispheres - the "thinking" section. The margins of a diffuse astrocytoma tend to expand into surrounding normal brain tissue, as the term indicates. Seizures and migraines are frequently the first symptoms of this tumor, as well as paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis). Here, we discuss the clinical, histologic, and molecular characteristics of grade II diffuse astrocytoma, stressing its diagnostic criteria, prevalence across brain sites, most prevalent molecular characteristics, how to screen for it, and the influence of surgical resection of DA on the treatment.

The peak age for the development of pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), a type of benign cerebellar tumor, is between the ages of 10 and 20. The tumor known as adult pilocytic astrocytoma is extremely rare. Consequently, very little is understood about the characteristics of these tumors. We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients older than 18 years with pathologically proven pilocytic astrocytoma who had surgery to remove the tumor between January 2010 and January 2020 and were followed until January 2022. Although 32 cases were initially recognized as PA, we only ended up including 4 patients (2 male and 2 female) with adult pilocytic astrocytoma, their mean age was 26,75 years. The mean age of male patients at diagnosis was 28 years, and there were no mortality or recurrences. The mean age of female patients at diagnosis was 25,5 years. One female was still living after the follow-up period ended. The cause of death of another female patient was unrelated to tumor. Women had a median follow-up of 36 months, and their mean overall survival was 42 months. Pilocytic astrocytoma in adults acts differently than in children. The extent of surgical resection and the location of the tumor were shown to influence the prognosis. When possible, total resection should be the primary treatment. Good survival rates and little recurrence are seen.

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain tumor classified as type 4 astrocytoma according to 5th edition of the World Health Organization сlassification of tumors of the central nervous system. It is a cancer that begins in the glial cells, which are the supporting cells of the brain. Glioblastoma is a rare type of brain tumor and accounts for about 15 % of all brain tumors. It is most commonly found in adults over the age of 50, and men are more likely to develop it than women. The symptoms of glioblastoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor in the brain. Common symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, and changes in vision. Other symptoms can include seizures, changes in behavior or personality, and difficulty with speech or movement. The standard treatment for glioblastoma is a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery is usually the first step in treatment, with the goal of removing as much of the tumor as possible. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are typically used to kill any remaining cancer cells. However, despite these treatments, the prognosis for glioblastoma is generally poor, with most patients surviving for less than two years after diagnosis. Overall, glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis. The standard treatment is a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Recent research has focused on developing new treatments, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies, which have shown promising results in clinical trials.